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A modified pulse charging method for lithium-ion batteries by considering stress evolution, chargingtime and capacity utilization

Yanfei ZHAO, Bo LU, Yicheng SONG, Junqian ZHANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第13卷第2期页码 294-302 doi: 10.1007/s11709-018-0460-z

摘要： The stress evolution, total charging time and capacity utilization of pulse charging (PC) method are investigated in this paper. It is found that compared to the conventional constant current (CC) charging method, the PC method can accelerate the charging process but will inevitably cause an increase in stress and a decrease in capacity. The charging speed for PC method can be estimated by the mean current. By introducing stress control, a modified PC method called the PCCC method, which starts with a PC operation followed by a CC operation, is proposed. The PCCC method not only can accelerate charging process but also can avoid the stress raising and capacity loss occurring in the PC method. Furthermore, the optimal pulsed current density and switch time in the PCCC method is also discussed.

关键词： fast charging method pulse charging stress evolution charging time capacity utilization

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一种基于充电模式识别的电动汽车充电时间预测方法 Research Article

李春喜1,傅莹颖1,崔向科2,葛泉波3,4,5

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第24卷第2期页码 299-313 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2200212

摘要：电动汽车动力电池过度充电容易导致电池加速老化和严重的安全事故。因此，准确预测车辆充电时间对充电安全防护意义重大。由于电池组结构复杂，充电方式多样，传统方法因缺乏充电模式识别而预测精度不高。本文应用数据驱动和机器学习理论，提出一种新的基于充电模式识别的充电时间预测方法。首先，基于动态加权密度峰值聚类（DWDPC）和随机森林融合的智能算法对车辆充电模式进行分类；然后，采用改进的简化粒子群优化算法（ISPSO）和强跟踪滤波器（STF），对LSTM神经网络进行优化，构建了一种高性能的充电时间预测方法；最后，通过实际工程数据对所提出的ISPSO-LSTM-STF方法进行了验证。实验结果表明，该方法能够有效区分充电模式，提高了充电时间预测精度，具有实际工程意义。

关键词：充电模式；充电时长；随机森林；长短期记忆网络（LSTM）；简化粒子群优化算法（SPSO）

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A framework for stochastic estimation of electric vehicle charging behavior for risk assessment of distribution

Salman HABIB, Muhammad Mansoor KHAN, Farukh ABBAS, Muhammad NUMAN, Yaqoob ALI, Houjun TANG, Xuhui YAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第2期页码 298-317 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0648-5

摘要： Power systems are being transformed to enhance the sustainability. This paper contributes to the knowledge regarding the operational process of future power networks by developing a realistic and stochastic charging model of electric vehicles (EVs).Large-scale integration of EVs into residential distribution networks (RDNs) is an evolving issue of paramount significance for utility operators. Unbalanced voltages prevent effective and reliable operation of RDNs. Diversified EV loads require a stochastic approach to predict EVs charging demand, consequently, a probabilistic model is developed to account several realistic aspects comprising charging time, battery capacity, driving mileage, state-of-charge, traveling frequency, charging power, and time-of-use mechanism under peak and off-peak charging strategies. An attempt is made to examine risks associated with RDNs by applying a stochastic model of EVs charging pattern. The output of EV stochastic model obtained from Monte-Carlo simulations is utilized to evaluate the power quality parameters of RDNs. The equipment capability of RDNs must be evaluated to determine the potential overloads. Performance specifications of RDNs including voltage unbalance factor, voltage behavior, domestic transformer limits and feeder losses are assessed in context to EV charging scenarios with various charging power levels at different penetration levels. Moreover, the impact assessment of EVs on RDNs is found to majorly rely on the type and location of a power network.

关键词： electric vehicles (EVs) residential distribution networks (RDNs) voltage unbalance factor (VUF) state-of charge (SOC) time-of-use (TOU)

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Formation of free-charging industry alliance for new energy vehicles

Zhengdong YANG, Feng JIN, Shiyu DU, Jingwen LI

《工程管理前沿（英文）》 2018年第5卷第2期页码 268-275 doi: 10.15302/J-FEM-2018058

摘要： At present, the further development of new energy vehicles industry is hindered by limited consumer’s participation or capital investment. Therefore, a new multilateral model of cross-industry alliance needs to arise. The advanced charging technology of Internet-distributed mobile energy can link up with many market participants closely and form an effective and multilateral win-win cross-industry alliance. This new industry alliance can realize unexpected multiple goals, for example, (1) consumers who have purchased new energy vehicles can avail free charging; (2) potential vehicle buyers can be encouraged to use new energy vehicles; (3) the new energy vehicle manufacturers can expand their production scale; (4) the new energy vehicles sellers (4S shop) can expand their sales volume; (5) large shopping malls can attain more income; (6) financial institutions can absorb more deposits; (7) governments can further promote low-carbon traffic. This article analyzes the cross-industry alliance and its forming mechanism.

关键词： industry alliance mobile energy new energy vehicles free charging low carbon

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Sizing of hybrid PMSG-PV system for battery charging of electric vehicles

M. M. RAJAN SINGARAVEL,S. ARUL DANIEL

《能源前沿（英文）》 2015年第9卷第1期页码 68-74 doi: 10.1007/s11708-015-0349-7

摘要： The number of electric vehicles are increasing in the society as they are considered as zero emission vehicles and also because conventional fuels are becoming expensive. Additional electrical power should be produced to meet the energy requirement of this increase in electric vehicle population. To use the existing grid infrastructure without any failure, installing distributed generator at secondary distribution network is essential. In this work, sizing of wind-driven permanent magnet synchronous generator—photovoltaic hybrid distributed generating system has been attempted to meet the energy demand of electric vehicles of a particular residential area. Different feasible combinations for wind generator capacity and photovoltaic capacity are obtained to satisfy the additional energy requirement. Results are analyzed based on energy, financial payback periods and daily power profile of the hybrid system. Based on this analysis, the sizes of wind generator and photovoltaic array have been chosen to meet the energy demand of electric vehicles of that particular residential locality.

关键词： electric vehicles hybrid PMSG-PV system smart grid

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Analysis of resonant coupling coil configurations of EV wireless charging system: a simulation study

M. LU, A. JUNUSSOV, M. BAGHERI

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第1期页码 152-165 doi: 10.1007/s11708-019-0615-1

摘要： Nowadays, internal combustion engine vehicles are considered as one of the major contributors to air pollution. To make transportation more environmentally friendly, plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) have been proposed. However, with an increase in the number of PEVs, the drawbacks associated with the cost and size, as well as charging cables of batteries have arisen. To address these challenges, a novel technology named wireless charging system has been recently recommended. This technology rapidly evolves and becomes very attractive for charging operations of electric vehicles. Currently, wireless charging systems offer highly efficient power transfer over the distances ranging from several millimeters to several hundred millimeters. This paper is focused on analyzing electromagnetically coupled resonant wireless technique used for the charging of EVs. The resonant wireless charging system for EVs is modeled, simulated, and then examined by changing different key parameters to evaluate how transfer distance, load, and coil’s geometry, precisely number of coil’s turns, coil’s shape, and inter-turn distance, influence the efficiency of the charging process. The simulation results are analyzed and critical dimensions are discussed. It is revealed that a proper choice of the dimensions, inter-turn distance, and transfer distance of the coil can result in a significant improvement in charging efficiency. Furthermore, the influence of the transfer distance, frequency, load, as well as the number of the turns of the coil on the performance of wireless charging system is the main focus of this paper.

关键词： electromagnetically coupled resonator near-field power transfer wireless power transfer (WPT)

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“Charging” the cigarette butt: heteroatomic porous carbon nanosheets with edge-induced topological defects

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第17卷第11期页码 1755-1764 doi: 10.1007/s11705-023-2318-8

摘要： Owing to the complexity of electron transfer pathways, the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction process is defined as the bottleneck for the practical application of Zn–air batteries. In this effort, metal nanoparticles (Co, Ni, Fe, etc.) encapsulated within nitrogen-doped carbon materials with abundant edge sites were synthesized by one-step pyrolysis treatment using cigarette butts as raw materials, which can drastically accelerate the overall rate of oxygen evolution reaction by facilitating the adsorption of oxygenated intermediates by the edge-induced topological defects. The prepared catalyst of nitrogen-doped carbon porous nanosheets loaded with Co nanoparticles (Co@NC-500) exhibits enhanced catalytic activity toward oxygen evolution reaction, with a low overpotential of 350 mV at the current density of 10 mA·cm^–2. Furthermore, the Zn–air battery assembled with Co@NC-500 catalyst demonstrates a desirable performance affording an open-circuit potential of 1.336 V and power density of 33.6 mW·cm^–2, indicating considerable practical application potential.

关键词： oxygen evolution reaction porous carbon nanosheets Co nanoparticles edge-induced topological defects Zn–air batteries

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充电基础设施落后或阻碍电动汽车未来发展

Chris Palmer

《工程（英文）》 2023年第25卷第6期页码 3-5 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.04.002

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series/parallel and dual side LCC compensation topologies of inductive power transfer for EV battery charging

P. Srinivasa Rao NAYAK, Dharavath KISHAN

《能源前沿（英文）》 2020年第14卷第1期页码 166-179 doi: 10.1007/s11708-018-0549-z

摘要： In an inductive battery charging system, for better power transfer capability and attaining required power level, compensation is necessary. This paper analyzes series/parallel (S/P) and dual side inductor-capacitor-capacitor (LCC) compensation topologies for inductive power transfer of electric vehicle (EV) battery charging system. The design and modeling steps of inductive power transfer for electric vehicle battery charging system are presented. Besides, the equivalent electrical circuits are used to describe the circuit compensation topologies. The results convey that the efficiency of dual side LCC compensation is higher than that of S/P compensation at variable mutual inductance (misalignment).

关键词： series/parallel compensation electric vehicle (EV) dual side LCC compensation inductive power transfer

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欧盟立法规定充电接口标准

Chris Palmer

《工程（英文）》 2023年第23卷第4期页码 7-9 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2023.02.003

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Cumulant-based correlated probabilistic load flow considering photovoltaic generation and electric vehicle charging

Nitesh Ganesh BHAT, B. Rajanarayan PRUSTY, Debashisha JENA

《能源前沿（英文）》 2017年第11卷第2期页码 184-196 doi: 10.1007/s11708-017-0465-7

摘要： This paper applies a cumulant-based analytical method for probabilistic load flow (PLF) assessment in transmission and distribution systems. The uncertainties pertaining to photovoltaic generations and aggregate bus load powers are probabilistically modeled in the case of transmission systems. In the case of distribution systems, the uncertainties pertaining to plug-in hybrid electric vehicle and battery electric vehicle charging demands in residential community as well as charging stations are probabilistically modeled. The probability distributions of the result variables (bus voltages and branch power flows) pertaining to these inputs are accurately established. The multiple input correlation cases are incorporated. Simultaneously, the performance of the proposed method is demonstrated on a modified Ward-Hale 6-bus system and an IEEE 14-bus transmission system as well as on a modified IEEE 69-bus radial and an IEEE 33-bus mesh distribution system. The results of the proposed method are compared with that of Monte-Carlo simulation.

关键词： battery electric vehicle extended cumulant method photovoltaic generation plug-in hybrid electric vehicle probabilistic load flow

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基于液冷的电池热管理系统快充-冷却耦合规划方法 Article

陈思琦, 包能胜, Akhil Garg, 彭雄斌, 高亮

《工程（英文）》 2021年第7卷第8期页码 1165-1176 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.06.016

摘要：

高效的快速充电技术对电动汽车行驶里程的拓展十分重要。然而，锂离子电池在大电流充电倍率下会大量产热。为解决这一问题，急需一种高效的快速充电-冷却规划方法。此次研究针对锂离子电池组的快速充电过程，设计了一种配有微流道的基于液冷的热管理系统。基于81组实验数据，提出了一种基于神经网络的回归模型，由三个考虑以下输出的子模型构成：最高温度、温度标准差及功耗。训练后的子模型均呈现出较高的测试准确性（99.353%、97.332%和98.381%）。此回归模型用于预测一个设计方案全集的三个输出参数，此全集由不同充电阶段的充电电流倍率[0.5C、1C、1.5C、2C和2.5C（1C = 5 A）]，以及不同的冷却液流量（0.0006 kg·s^-1、0.0012 kg·s^-1和0.0018 kg·s^-1）组成。最终从预测得到的设计方案全集中筛选出一组最优过程方案，并经实验得到了验证。结果表明在功耗低于0.02 J的情况下电池组荷电状态（SOC）值经15 min充电后增长了0.5。同时最高温度和温度标准差可分别控制在33.35 ℃和0.8 ℃以内。本文所提出的方法可供电动汽车行业在实际快速充电工况下使用。此外，可以基于实验数据预测最佳快速充电-冷却计划，从而显著提高充电过程设计的效率，并控制冷却过程中的能耗。

关键词：锂离子电池组快速充电神经网络回归规划荷电状态功耗

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A brief review on key technologies in the battery management system of electric vehicles

Kailong LIU, Kang LI, Qiao PENG, Cheng ZHANG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2019年第14卷第1期页码 47-64 doi: 10.1007/s11465-018-0516-8

摘要： Batteries have been widely applied in many high-power applications, such as electric vehicles (EVs) and hybrid electric vehicles, where a suitable battery management system (BMS) is vital in ensuring safe and reliable operation of batteries. This paper aims to give a brief review on several key technologies of BMS, including battery modelling, state estimation and battery charging. First, popular battery types used in EVs are surveyed, followed by the introduction of key technologies used in BMS. Various battery models, including the electric model, thermal model and coupled electro-thermal model are reviewed. Then, battery state estimations for the state of charge, state of health and internal temperature are comprehensively surveyed. Finally, several key and traditional battery charging approaches with associated optimization methods are discussed.

关键词： battery management system battery modelling battery state estimation battery charging

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General expression for linear and nonlinear time series models

Ren HUANG, Feiyun XU, Ruwen CHEN

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第4卷第1期页码 15-24 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0015-z

摘要： The typical time series models such as ARMA, AR, and MA are founded on the normality and stationarity of a system and expressed by a linear difference equation; therefore, they are strictly limited to the linear system. However, some nonlinear factors are within the practical system; thus, it is difficult to fit the model for real systems with the above models. This paper proposes a general expression for linear and nonlinear auto-regressive time series models (GNAR). With the gradient optimization method and modified AIC information criteria integrated with the prediction error, the parameter estimation and order determination are achieved. The model simulation and experiments show that the GNAR model can accurately approximate to the dynamic characteristics of the most nonlinear models applied in academics and engineering. The modeling and prediction accuracy of the GNAR model is superior to the classical time series models. The proposed GNAR model is flexible and effective.

关键词： linear and nonlinear autoregressive model system identification time series analysis

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Run-time system based on LinSERCANS and Soft-PLC

Cunfeng KANG, Chong WANG, Chunmin MA, Xudong HUANG, Renyuan FEI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第4卷第2期页码 120-124 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0019-8

摘要： Soft-PLC with open architecture is the direction of development in industrial automation. This paper discusses the method of communication between the interface functions of LinSERCANS under RTLinux and the external library of Soft-PLC under Windows. Based on the API HOOK theory, the communication between the interface functions of LinSERCANS and the external libraries of Soft-PLC is set up and it solves the calling functions of dynamic link libraries in different operation systems. It is able to combine LinSERCANS with the Soft-PLC, and a run-time system is developed based on the interface technology of the serial real-time communication system (SERCOS) and technology of soft-PLC. This run-time system has been used in all electronic injection molding machines and works very well.

关键词： Soft-PLC run-time system LinSERCANS dynamic link libraries